Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
Volume 71, Issue 5 , Pages 223-229 , May 2008

Microbiology of Water and Fluids for Hemodialysis

  • Rolf Nystrand

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Dr Rolf Nystrand, Bio-TeQ Nystrand Consulting, Gullbackegatan 12, S-212 30 Malmö, Sweden

Received 3 December 2007 ,Accepted 27 March 2008.

References 

  1. ISO 13958:2002. Concentrates for haemodialysis and related therapies.
  2. ISO 13959:2002. Water for haemodialysis and related therapies.
  3. ISO/DIS 26722 (draft). Water treatment equipment for haemodialysis applications.
  4. ISO/DIS 11663 (draft). Dialysis fluid for haemodialysis and related therapies.
  5. Nystrand R . Thoughts about biofilm in dialysis water systems . EDTNA/ERCA J . 2003;29:127–130
  6. Nystrand R . The microbial world and fluids in dialysis . Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology . 2008;42:150–159
  7. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. American National Standards for Hemodialysis Systems, 1982. ANSI/AAMI RD5-1982.
  8. European Pharmacopoeia, 2nd edition, 1992.
  9. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Dialysate for Hemodialysis, 2004. ANSI/AAMI RD 52:2004.
  10. European Pharmacopoeia, 4th edition, 2002.
  11. Svensk Läkemedelsstandard SLS 2007. Svenska farmakopékommittén, Uppsala, 2007. ISBN 91-973998-6-8. [In Swedish]
  12. Leitlinie für angewandte hygiene in dialysezentren. 2 Auflage. Arbeitskreis für angewandte hygiene in dialysezentren. Pabst Verlag, 2005. ISBN 3-89967-272-0. [In German]
  13. Circulaire – DGS/DH/AFSSAPS n° 311 du 7 Juin 2000 relative aux spécifications techniques et à la sécurité sanitaire de la pratique de ĺhémofiltration et de ĺhémodiafiltration en ligne dans les établissements de santé. [In French]
  14. EDTNA/ERCA Guidelines: Technical Section . EDTNA/ERCA J . 2002;28:107–115
  15. European best practice guidelines for haemodialysis (Part 1): section IV . Nephrol Dialysis Transplant . 2002;17(Suppl):45–62
  16. Alloatti S, Bolasco P, Canavese C, Cappelli G, Pedrini L, Pizzarelli F, et al  Guidelines on water and solutions for dialysis. Italian Society of Nephrology . G Ital Nefrol . 2005;22:246–273 [In Italian] Erratum in: G Ital Nefrol 2006;23:90.
  17. Dansk Nefrologisk Selskab Vand till fortyndning af haemodialysekoncentrater. August 30, 2004. [In Danish]
  18. Norsk Nyremedicinsk Forening Retningslinjer for kvalitet og kontroll av dialysevann i Norge. 2007-03-03 (draft). [In Norwegian]
  19. ISO/DIS 13959:2007 (draft). Water for haemodialysis and related therapies.
  20. Nystrand R . Standards and standardization of detection methods for bacteria and endotoxin in water and dialysis fluid . Nieren und Hochdruckkrankheiten . 1999;28:43–48
  21. United States Pharmacopoeia XXX. Water for Hemodialysis. 2007: Monograph 1230.
  22. Nystrand R . On-line technique for producing substitution fluid in haemodiafiltration and haemofiltration . EDTNA/ERCA J . 2004;30:13–18
  23. Anforderungen der Krankenhaushygiene bei der Dialyse 5.1.4. Anlagen zur Richtlinie für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionprävention. Robert Koch Institut, 2003. [In German]
  24. ISO 13959:1998. Water for haemodialysis and related therapies.
  25. Morii K , Morii H , Asano Y , Naitoh H , Takesawa S . Standard for safety of dialysis fluid . J Jpn Soc Dial Ther . 1998;31:1107–1109
  26. European Pharmacopoeia. 5th edition. Water for Diluting Concentrated Haemodialysis Solutions. 2005: Monograph 1167.
  27. Lonnemann G . When good water goes bad: how it happens, clinical consequences and possible solutions . Blood Purif . 2004;22:124–129
  28. Schindler R, Beck W, Deppisch R, Aussieker M, Wilde A, Göhl H, et al. Short bacterial DNA fragments: detection in dialysate and induction of cytokines . J Am Soc Nephrol . 2004;15:3207–3214
  29. European Pharmacopoeia, 5th edition. Solutions for Haemodialysis. 2005: Monograph 0128.
  30. Nystrand R , Nurbo L . The microbiology of bicarbonate systems in dialysis . J Am Soc Nephrol . 1996;7:1416
  31. Ledebo I , Nystrand R . Defining the microbiological quality of dialysis fluid . Artif Organs . 1999;23:37–43
  32. Kwaliteitsrichtlijn Dialyse Groep Nederland DGNwatercommissie, 2003. [In Dutch]
  33. Circulaire – N° DHOS/E¤/AFSSAPS/2007/52 du 30 janiver 2007 relative aux spécifications techniques et à la sécurité sanitaire de la pratique de ĺhémofiltration et de ĺhémodiafiltration en ligne dans les établissements de santé. [In French]
  34. Masakane I . Clinical usefulness of ultrapure dialysate–recent evidence and perspectives . Ther Apheres Dial . 2006;10:348–354
  35. Ledebo I . Ultrapure dialysis fluid–how pure is it and do we need it? . Nephrol Dial Transplant . 2007;22:22–23
  36. European Pharmacopoeia, 5th edition. Solutions for Haemofiltration and for Haemodiafiltration. 2005: Monograph 0861.
  37. European Pharmacopoeia, 5th edition. Bacterial Endotoxins. 2005:2.6.14.
  38. Nystrand R . Wasseraufbereitungssysteme und flüssigkeiten der dialyse . Hygiene & Medizin . 2007;32:226–233 [In German]
  39. Nystrand R . Modern microbiological techniques and their use in dialysis fluid systems: what are the benefits? . Kidney Int . 2006;70:1539–1540
  40. Pass T , Wright A , Sharp B , Harding GB . Culture of dialysis fluids on nutrient rich media for short periods at elevated temperature underestimate microbiological contamination . Blood Purif . 1996;14:136–145

PII: S1726-4901(08)70110-2

doi: 10.1016/S1726-4901(08)70110-2

Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
Volume 71, Issue 5 , Pages 223-229 , May 2008

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